我们研究了协变量偏移下的线性回归，其中输入协变量的边际分布在源和目标域上有所不同，而在两个域中，给定输入协变量的输出的条件分布相似。我们根据针对此问题的目标数据（均由在线SGD进行的目标数据（均由在线SGD执行）进行预处理研究，研究了转移学习方法。我们为这种方法建立了尖锐的实例依赖性高风险上限和下限。我们的界限表明，对于大量的线性回归实例，使用$ O（n^2）$源数据（以及稀缺或无目标数据）转移学习与使用$ n $目标数据的监督学习一样有效。此外，我们表明，即使只有少量的目标数据，也可能会大大减少预处理所需的源数据量。我们的理论阐明了预处理的有效性和局限性以及对解决协变量转移问题的填补的好处。

随机梯度下降（SGD）已被证明在许多深度学习应用中都很好地概括了。在实践中，人们经常以几何衰减的步骤运行SGD，即，恒定的初始步骤，然后是多个几何步骤衰减，并将最后一个迭代用作输出。已知这种SGD几乎对经典有限维线性回归问题几乎是最佳的（Ge等，2019）。但是，在过度参数化设置中对SGD的最后一次迭代进行了彻底的分析。在本文中，我们对SGD的最后一个迭代风险界限进行了依赖问题的分析，并具有腐烂的步骤，以（过度参数化）线性回归问题。特别是，对于带有（尾部）几何衰减步骤的最后迭代SGD，我们证明了多余风险的上限和下限几乎匹配。此外，我们为最后一次迭代的SGD提供了多余的风险下限，并以多项式衰减的步骤进行了大小，并以实例的方式证明了几何腐烂的步骤的优势，这补充了先前工作中的最小值比较。

随机梯度下降（SGD）在实践中表现出强烈的算法正则化效应，该效果已被认为在现代机器学习方法的概括中起着重要作用。在这项工作中，我们试图在线性回归的更简单环境（包括量身范围的和过度参数化的制度）中理解这些问题，在此，我们的目标是对（未注册）平均SGD与（未注册的）平均SGD进行基于实例的敏锐比较。脊回归的明确正规化。对于一系列最小二乘问题的问题实例（在高维设置中是自然的），我们显示：（1）对于每个问题实例和每个脊参数（未注册）SGD，当时提供比对数的样本比提供的样本更多的样本时对于脊算法，概括的概括不及脊解决方案（提供SGD使用调谐常数步骤）； （2）相反，存在（在这个宽阔的问题类中），其中最佳调整的脊回归需要比SGD更高的样本以具有相同的概括性能。综上所述，我们的结果表明，在对数因素上，SGD的概括性能总是不到脊回归的差异，而在各种过度参数的问题中，对于某些问题实例，实际上可能会更好。更普遍地，我们的结果表明，即使在更简单（过度参数化）凸设置中，算法正则化如何产生重要的后果。

最近关于深度学习的研究侧重于极端过度参数化的设置，并表明，当网络宽度大于训练样本大小的高度多项式$ N $和目标错误$ \ epsilon ^ {-1} $，由（随机）梯度下降学习的深度神经网络享受很好的优化和泛化保证。最近，表明，在训练数据的某些边缘假设下，PolyGarithic宽度条件足以使两层Relu网络收敛和概括（Ji和Telgarsky，2019）。但是，是否可以通过这种轻度过度参数化学习深度神经网络仍然是一个开放的问题。在这项工作中，我们肯定地回答了这个问题，并建立了由（随机）梯度下降所培训的深度Relu网络的更尖锐的学习保证。具体而言，在以前的工作中的某些假设下，我们的优化和泛化保证以$ N $和$ \ epsilon ^ { - 1} $持有网络宽度波动力算法。我们的结果推动了对更实际的环境的过度参数化深神经网络的研究。

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have shown satisfying performance on various graph learning tasks. To achieve better fitting capability, most GNNs are with a large number of parameters, which makes these GNNs computationally expensive. Therefore, it is difficult to deploy them onto edge devices with scarce computational resources, e.g., mobile phones and wearable smart devices. Knowledge Distillation (KD) is a common solution to compress GNNs, where a light-weighted model (i.e., the student model) is encouraged to mimic the behavior of a computationally expensive GNN (i.e., the teacher GNN model). Nevertheless, most existing GNN-based KD methods lack fairness consideration. As a consequence, the student model usually inherits and even exaggerates the bias from the teacher GNN. To handle such a problem, we take initial steps towards fair knowledge distillation for GNNs. Specifically, we first formulate a novel problem of fair knowledge distillation for GNN-based teacher-student frameworks. Then we propose a principled framework named RELIANT to mitigate the bias exhibited by the student model. Notably, the design of RELIANT is decoupled from any specific teacher and student model structures, and thus can be easily adapted to various GNN-based KD frameworks. We perform extensive experiments on multiple real-world datasets, which corroborates that RELIANT achieves less biased GNN knowledge distillation while maintaining high prediction utility.

In robust Markov decision processes (MDPs), the uncertainty in the transition kernel is addressed by finding a policy that optimizes the worst-case performance over an uncertainty set of MDPs. While much of the literature has focused on discounted MDPs, robust average-reward MDPs remain largely unexplored. In this paper, we focus on robust average-reward MDPs, where the goal is to find a policy that optimizes the worst-case average reward over an uncertainty set. We first take an approach that approximates average-reward MDPs using discounted MDPs. We prove that the robust discounted value function converges to the robust average-reward as the discount factor $\gamma$ goes to $1$, and moreover, when $\gamma$ is large, any optimal policy of the robust discounted MDP is also an optimal policy of the robust average-reward. We further design a robust dynamic programming approach, and theoretically characterize its convergence to the optimum. Then, we investigate robust average-reward MDPs directly without using discounted MDPs as an intermediate step. We derive the robust Bellman equation for robust average-reward MDPs, prove that the optimal policy can be derived from its solution, and further design a robust relative value iteration algorithm that provably finds its solution, or equivalently, the optimal robust policy.

Medical image segmentation (MIS) is essential for supporting disease diagnosis and treatment effect assessment. Despite considerable advances in artificial intelligence (AI) for MIS, clinicians remain skeptical of its utility, maintaining low confidence in such black box systems, with this problem being exacerbated by low generalization for out-of-distribution (OOD) data. To move towards effective clinical utilization, we propose a foundation model named EvidenceCap, which makes the box transparent in a quantifiable way by uncertainty estimation. EvidenceCap not only makes AI visible in regions of uncertainty and OOD data, but also enhances the reliability, robustness, and computational efficiency of MIS. Uncertainty is modeled explicitly through subjective logic theory to gather strong evidence from features. We show the effectiveness of EvidenceCap in three segmentation datasets and apply it to the clinic. Our work sheds light on clinical safe applications and explainable AI, and can contribute towards trustworthiness in the medical domain.

Vertical Federated Learning (VFL) is widely utilized in real-world applications to enable collaborative learning while protecting data privacy and safety. However, previous works show that parties without labels (passive parties) in VFL can infer the sensitive label information owned by the party with labels (active party) or execute backdoor attacks to VFL. Meanwhile, active party can also infer sensitive feature information from passive party. All these pose new privacy and security challenges to VFL systems. We propose a new general defense method which limits the mutual information between private raw data, including both features and labels, and intermediate outputs to achieve a better trade-off between model utility and privacy. We term this defense Mutual Information Regularization Defense (MID). We theoretically and experimentally testify the effectiveness of our MID method in defending existing attacks in VFL, including label inference attacks, backdoor attacks and feature reconstruction attacks.

Video semantic segmentation (VSS) is beneficial for dealing with dynamic scenes due to the continuous property of the real-world environment. On the one hand, some methods alleviate the predicted inconsistent problem between continuous frames. On the other hand, other methods employ the previous frame as the prior information to assist in segmenting the current frame. Although the previous methods achieve superior performances on the independent and identically distributed (i.i.d) data, they can not generalize well on other unseen domains. Thus, we explore a new task, the video generalizable semantic segmentation (VGSS) task that considers both continuous frames and domain generalization. In this paper, we propose a class-wise non-salient region generalized (CNSG) framework for the VGSS task. Concretely, we first define the class-wise non-salient feature, which describes features of the class-wise non-salient region that carry more generalizable information. Then, we propose a class-wise non-salient feature reasoning strategy to select and enhance the most generalized channels adaptively. Finally, we propose an inter-frame non-salient centroid alignment loss to alleviate the predicted inconsistent problem in the VGSS task. We also extend our video-based framework to the image-based generalizable semantic segmentation (IGSS) task. Experiments demonstrate that our CNSG framework yields significant improvement in the VGSS and IGSS tasks.

The stock market prediction has been a traditional yet complex problem researched within diverse research areas and application domains due to its non-linear, highly volatile and complex nature. Existing surveys on stock market prediction often focus on traditional machine learning methods instead of deep learning methods. Deep learning has dominated many domains, gained much success and popularity in recent years in stock market prediction. This motivates us to provide a structured and comprehensive overview of the research on stock market prediction focusing on deep learning techniques. We present four elaborated subtasks of stock market prediction and propose a novel taxonomy to summarize the state-of-the-art models based on deep neural networks from 2011 to 2022. In addition, we also provide detailed statistics on the datasets and evaluation metrics commonly used in the stock market. Finally, we highlight some open issues and point out several future directions by sharing some new perspectives on stock market prediction.